Aiuto:AFI/Hokkien taiwanesc

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Hokkien taiwanesc on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Hokkien taiwanesc in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

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H:IPA-TAIWAN

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Taiwanese Hokkien (also called Taiwanese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Note that the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) applied in this page is Ernest Tipson's version, while Chinese Examples are pronounced with literary reading with Taiwanese Romanization System (TL) spelling in default unless specified.

Consonants

Consonants
IPA	POJ	TL	Phonetic Symbols	Chinese Example	English approximation
p	p		ㄅ	布 (pòo)	span
pʰ	ph		ㄆ	普 (phóo)	pan
b	b			明 (bîng)	timber ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
m	m-		ㄇ	媽 (má)	moon
m	am, om, im		,	暗 (àm), 參 (som)^{[lower-alpha 2]}, 心 (sim)	rim
t	t		ㄉ	端 (tuan)	stop
tʰ	th		ㄊ	透 (thò)	top
l	l		ㄌ	來 (lâi)	lime ^{[lower-alpha 3]}
n	n		ㄋ	泥 (nî)	noon
n	-n		ㄣ, ㄢ	因 (in), 安 (an)	noon
k	k		ㄍ	見 (kiàn)	skin
kʰ	kh		ㄎ	溪 (khe)	kin
g	g			義 (gī)	finger ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
ŋ	ng-			吳 (ngôo)	singer
ŋ	eng, ang, ong	ing, ang, ong	ㄥ, ㄤ,	櫻 (ing), 幫 (pang), 王 (ông)	song
h	h		ㄏ	曉 (hiáu)	hit
ʔ	∅			影 (íng, [ʔiə̯ŋ˥˩])	uh-oh
t͡s	ch ^{[lower-alpha 4]}	ts	ㄗ	走 (tsáu)	cats, usually retracted in most cases
t͡ɕ	ch ^{[lower-alpha 4]}	ts	ㄐ	精 (tsing)	like itchy, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).^{[lower-alpha 5]}
t͡sʰ	chh ^{[lower-alpha 4]}	tsh	ㄘ	菜 (tshài)	cats
t͡ɕʰ	chh ^{[lower-alpha 4]}	tsh	ㄑ	市 (tshī)	like cheap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).^{[lower-alpha 5]}
s	s		ㄙ	三 (sam)	same
ɕ	s		ㄒ	審 (sím)	like sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).^{[lower-alpha 5]}
d͡z	j			熱 (jua̍h)	pads ^{[lower-alpha 6]}
z				熱 (jua̍h)	zoo ^{[lower-alpha 7]}
d͡ʑ				日 (ji̍t)	like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).^{[lower-alpha 6]}^{[lower-alpha 5]}
ʑ				日 (ji̍t)	like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).^{[lower-alpha 7]}^{[lower-alpha 5]}
Note: Alveolo-palatal consonants ([t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [d͡ʑ / ʑ]) always precede [i] ⟨i / e⟩ as ⟨chi (tsi) / che⟩, ⟨chhi (tshi) / chhe⟩, ⟨si / se⟩, and ⟨ji⟩.
Syllabic consonants
m̩	-m			姆 (ḿ)	rhythm
ŋ̍	-ng			光 (kng)^{[lower-alpha 8]}	song ^{[lower-alpha 9]}
Stop consonant finals
p̚	-p		◌_ㄅ	合 (ha̍p)	like sip, but no audible release; apt
t̚	-t		◌_ㄉ	七 (tshit)	like sit, but no audible release
k̚	-k		◌_ㄍ	角 (kak)	like sick, but no audible release
ʔ	-h		◌_ㄏ	桌 (toh)	uh-oh

Vowels

Vowels
IPA	POJ	TL	Phonetic Symbols	Chinese Example	English approximation
a	a		ㄚ	鴨 (ah)	father
e	e			家 (ke)	day
ɤ	o	o/or^{[lower-alpha 10]}	ㄜ	高 (kor)	Roughly like bird ^{[lower-alpha 11]}
o	o	o	ㄛ	高 (ko)	snow ^{[lower-alpha 12]}
ɔ	o͘ ^{[lower-alpha 13]}	oo		烏 (oo)	thought
ɔ	ong, om, op, ok		, , _ㄅ, _ㄍ	福 (hok)	thought
i	i		ㄧ ^{[lower-alpha 14]}	一 (it)	see ^{[lower-alpha 15]}
u	u		ㄨ	武 (bú)	shoe ^{[lower-alpha 16]}
Diphthongs
ai̯	ai		ㄞ	愛 (ài)	fight ^{[lower-alpha 15]}
au̯	au		ㄠ	交 (kau)	out ^{[lower-alpha 16]}
i̯a	ia		ㄧㄚ	射 (siā)	Russia
i̯ɛ	ian, iat		ㄧㄢ, ㄧㄚ_ㄉ	電 (tiān), 結 (kiat)	yes ^{[lower-alpha 17]}
iə̯	eng, ek	ing, ik	ㄧㄥ, ㄧ_ㄍ	英 (ing), 色 (sik)	eon ^{[lower-alpha 18]}^{[lower-alpha 11]}
i̯ə	io	ior	ㄧㄜ	腰 (ior)^{[lower-alpha 11]}	eon ^{[lower-alpha 18]}^{[lower-alpha 11]}
i̯o	io	io	ㄧㄛ	腰 (io)^{[lower-alpha 12]}	Leo
i̯ɔ	iong, iok		ㄧ , ㄧ _ㄍ	中 (tiong), 欲 (io̍k)	kiosk
i̯u	iu		ㄧㄨ	手 (tshiú)	dew
u̯a	oa	ua	ㄨㄚ	化 (huà)	like quality
u̯e	oe	ue	ㄨ	尾 (bué)^{[lower-alpha 2]}	question
u̯i	ui		ㄨㄧ	水 (suí)	we
Triphthongs
i̯au̯	iau		ㄧㄠ	妖 (iau)	meow ^{[lower-alpha 15]}^{[lower-alpha 16]}
u̯ai̯	oai	uai	ㄨㄞ	怪 (kuài)	quiet ^{[lower-alpha 15]}
Nasal vowels
◌̃	m◌, n◌, ng◌		ㄇ◌, ㄋ◌, ◌	鰻 (muâ), 梁 (niû), 迎 (ngiâ)	Nasalized vowel(s) ^{[lower-alpha 19]}
ã	aⁿ	ann		衫 (sann)	like naive; nasalized [a]
ẽ	eⁿ	enn		青 (tsenn)^{[lower-alpha 2]}	like next; nasalized [e] ^{[lower-alpha 20]}
ĩ	iⁿ	inn	^{[lower-alpha 14]}	圓 (înn)	like niece; nasalized [i]
ɔ̃	oⁿ	onn		否 (hónn)	French: son; nasalized [ɔ]
ãĩ̯	aiⁿ	ainn		載 (tsáinn)	like nine; nasalized [ai̯]
ĩ̯ã	iaⁿ	iann	ㄧ	兄 (hiann)	roughly like civilian; nasalized [i̯a]
ĩ̯ũ	iuⁿ	iunn	ㄧ	羊 (iûnn)^{[lower-alpha 8]}	like nuance; nasalized [i̯u] ^{[lower-alpha 21]}
ũ̯ã	oaⁿ	uann	ㄨ	官 (kuann)	roughly like wander nasalized [u̯a]
ũ̯ĩ	uiⁿ	uinn	ㄨ	快 (khuìnn)^{[lower-alpha 8]}	roughly like twin; nasalized [u̯i]
ĩ̯ãũ̯	iauⁿ	iaunn	ㄧ	喓 (iaunn)	like meow; nasalized [i̯au̯]
ũ̯ãĩ̯	oaiⁿ	uainn	ㄨ	關 (kuainn)^{[lower-alpha 2]}	roughly like wine; nasalized [u̯ai̯] ^{[lower-alpha 22]}
Note: ⟨◌ⁿ⟩ in POJ is sometimes written as ⟨◌N⟩ when superscript ⟨n⟩ is not supported.

Tones

Tones
Tone Number	IPA (WP)	POJ	TL	Phonetic Symbols	Chinese Example	Dialect values (IPA)
Tone Number	IPA (WP)	POJ	TL	Phonetic Symbols	Chinese Example	Kaohsiung	Taipei	Lukang
0		◌--a			後日（āu--ji̍t）	(varying)
1	˦	a		ㄚ	東	[˥] 55	[˦] 44	[˧] 33
2	˥˩	á		ㄚˋ	黨	[˥˩] 51	[˥˧] 53	[˥] 55
3	˧˩	à		ㄚ˪	棟	[˧˩] 31	[˨˩] 21	[˧˩] 31
4	ʔ˧˨	a◌		ㄚ_◌	督	[˧] 3	[˨] 2	[˥] 5
5	˨˦	â		ㄚˊ	同	[˨˦] 24
6	˨	ǎ		ㄚˋ	動			[˨] 22
7	˧	ā		ㄚ˫	洞	[˧] 33		[˧˩] 31
8	ʔ˦	a̍◌		ㄚ_◌˙	毒	[˥] 5	[˦] 4	[˧˥] 35
9	˧˥		a̋		引擎	[˧˥] 35
Note: ◌ can be any of the four stop consonant finals in Taiwanese as listed in the above.

Dialectal segments

Choân-chiu Dialect

Consonants
IPA	POJ	TL	Phonetic Symbols	Chinese Example	English approximation
d͡ʑ	j	j		字 (jī / lī)	like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).^{[lower-alpha 6]}
l		l	ㄌ	字 (jī / lī)	lap
l		l	ㄌ	熱 (jua̍h / lua̍h)	lap
d͡z		j		熱 (jua̍h / lua̍h)	pads ^{[lower-alpha 6]}
Vowels
ə	e	er	ㄜ	火 (hér)^{[lower-alpha 23]}	about ^{[lower-alpha 24]}
ɨ	i / u	ir		豬 (tir)	roughly like glasses; sometimes pronounced as [ɯ] as goose (California)^{[lower-alpha 25]}^{[lower-alpha 23]}
ɘ̯e	oe	ere	ㄜ	雞 (kere)^{[lower-alpha 25]}
ɘ̯u	io	eru	ㄜㄨ	購 (kerù)^{[lower-alpha 23]}
ɨ̯̃ĩ	eng	irinn		肩 (kirinn)^{[lower-alpha 26]}

Chiang-chiu Dialect

Consonants
IPA	POJ	TL	Phonetic Symbols	Chinese Example	English approximation
ȵ	n	gn		耳 (gní)^{[lower-alpha 27]}	like onion ^{[lower-alpha 20]}^{[lower-alpha 28]}
ʑ	j	j		日 (ji̍t / gi̍t)	like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).^{[lower-alpha 7]}
g	j	g		日 (ji̍t / gi̍t)	give ^{[lower-alpha 7]}
z	j			熱 (jua̍h)	zoo ^{[lower-alpha 7]}
Vowels
ɛ	e	ee / ek / eng	ㄝ	家 (kee) ^{[lower-alpha 27]}	bet ^{[lower-alpha 20]}
ɛ̃	eⁿ	eenn		青 (tsheenn) ^{[lower-alpha 27]}	French: vin; nasalized [ɛ] ^{[lower-alpha 20]}^{[lower-alpha 28]}
ĩ̯ɔ̃	iuⁿ	ionn	ㄧ	羊 (iônn) ^{[lower-alpha 29]}	like neon; nasalized [i̯o] ^{[lower-alpha 20]}

Notes

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 [b] and [g] are sometimes transcribed as [b̃] and [g̃] respectively.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 ^2,3 In Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
↑ In most varieties of Hokkien, /l/ is pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ]. Although the IPA symbol ⟨l⟩ represents a lateral approximants, ⟨l⟩ is widely used instead of ⟨ɾ⟩ in broad transcriptions of Hokkien.
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 In some POJ variants, ch and chh are written as ⟨ts⟩ and ⟨tsh⟩ respectively.
↑ ^5,0 ^5,1 ^5,2 ^5,3 ^5,4 [t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [ʑ] are pronounced as [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s], and [z] in some accents.
↑ ^6,0 ^6,1 ^6,2 ^6,3 [d͡z] and [d͡ʑ] are used in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent; they are pronounced as [l] in some sub-accents.
↑ ^7,0 ^7,1 ^7,2 ^7,3 ^7,4 [z] and [ʑ] is used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent, while [ʑ] is pronounced as [g] mainly in Taiwanese Hok-Ló-Kheh [zh] sub-accents.
↑ ^8,0 ^8,1 ^8,2 In Taiwanese Choan-chiu accent.
↑ ⟨-ng⟩ [ŋ̍] is pronounced as [ũĩ] mainly in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
↑ ⟨o⟩ in TL can present both southern accent and northern accent, while ⟨or⟩ in TL is used to specify southern accent for differentiation.
↑ ^11,0 ^11,1 ^11,2 ⟨or⟩ [ɤ], also transcribed as [ə], is used in Taiwanese southern accent and sometimes transcribed as [ɤ].
↑ ^12,0 ^12,1 ⟨o⟩ [o] is used in Taiwanese northern accent.
↑ ⟨o͘⟩ [ɔ] is sometimes written as ⟨ou⟩ in POJ as the dot is barely visible for readers.
↑ ^14,0 ^14,1 In horizontal writing, it might be written in 90 degrees rotated.
↑ ^15,0 ^15,1 ^15,2 ^15,3 [i̯] can be transcribed as [ɪ] in ⟨-ai, -ia, -io, -iau⟩.
↑ ^16,0 ^16,1 ^16,2 [u̯] can be transcribed as [ʊ] in ⟨-au⟩
↑ ⟨ian⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛn], [ɛn], or [en] depending on accents.
⟨iat⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛt̚], [ɛt̚], or [et̚] depending on accents.
↑ ⟨ing⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯ŋ], [iŋ] or [eŋ], depending on accents.
⟨ik⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯k̚], [ik̚] or [ek̚] depending on accents.
↑ The combination of a nasal consonant preceding vowel(s) represents nasal vowel(s) due to a natural process of assimilation.
↑ ^20,0 ^20,1 ^20,2 ^20,3 ^20,4 ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ], (enn) [ẽ], ⟨ee⟩ [ɛ], ⟨eeh⟩ [ɛʔ], ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃], ⟨ek⟩ [ɛk̚], ⟨eng⟩ [ɛŋ], ⟨ionn⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃], and ⟨ionnh⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃ʔ] of TL are used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
↑ [ĩ̯ũ] is only used in Choân-chiu accent.
↑ [ũ̯ãĩ̯] is pronounced as [ũ̯ĩ], [ũ̯ã], and [u̯ai̯] mainly in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent.
↑ ^23,0 ^23,1 ^23,2 In Lo̍k-káng Choân-chiu accent
↑ ⟨er⟩ [ə] is also transcribed as [ɘ] by some scholars despite the slight difference. In addition, ⟨er⟩ is alternatively spelled as ⟨oe⟩ while its Phonetic Symbol is replaced with in textbooks and academic publishing by Ngoo Siu Le [zh].
↑ ^25,0 ^25,1 In Sam-Kiap Choân-chiu accent
↑ In Po-tiong Choân-chiu Lâm-oaⁿ accent
↑ ^27,0 ^27,1 ^27,2 In Taiwanese Éng-tsēng old Chiang-chiu accent.
↑ ^28,0 ^28,1 Note that ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ] and ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃] are not listed in the Taiwanese Romanization System by Ministry of Education, but is featured in textbooks and dictionaries.
↑ In Taiwanese Tâi-lâm Chiang-chiu accent.

References

"Tai-Hoa Dictionary". Peh-oe-ji Tai-gu-bun Bang-cham - Written Taiwanese Southern-Min.
"Dictionary for Common Vocabulary in Taiwanese Hokkien". Ministry of Education (Taiwan).
"Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization and Pronunciation Learning Network". National Taichung University of Education.