Aiuto:AFI/Punjabi

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Punjabi on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Punjabi in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

Per na ntroduzion sun co liejer i simboi AFI, cëla Help:IPA. Per la desfrënzia danter [ ], / / y ⟨ ⟩, cëla IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Scurteda

H:IPA-PA

Template:Contains special characters Template:Contains special characters The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Punjabi pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-pa}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Punjabi phonology, Gurmukhi, and Shahmukhi for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Punjabi.

Consonants
IPA	Examples			English Approximation
IPA	Gurmukhi	Shahmukhi	ISO 15919	English Approximation
b	ਬਿਸਤਰਾ	اTemplate:Nq	bistarā	butter
d	ਦਿੱਤਾ	Template:Nq	dittā	duck^[1]
dʒ	ਜਦੋਂ	Template:Nq	jadōṁ	jug
ɖ	ਡੰਗਰ	Template:Nq	ḍangar	guard^[1] (Rhotic dialects)
ɡ	ਗੱਡੀ	Template:Nq	gaḍḍī	gut
ɦ	ਹਾਏ	Template:Nq	hāe	ahead
j	ਯਾਰੀ	Template:Nq	yārī	yuck
k	ਕਿੱਖੇ ਘਰ	Template:Nq Template:Nq	kitthe ghar	scab
kʰ	ਔਖਾ	Template:Nq	aukhā	cab
l	ਲਾਂਬਾ	Template:Nq	lāmbā	leaf
ɭ^[2]	ਰੌਲ਼ਾ	Template:Nq	rauḷā	garlic (Rhotic dialects)
m	ਮਸੀਤ	Template:Nq	masīt	much
n	ਨੂਹ	Template:Nq	nūh	not
ɳ^[2]	ਸੋਹਣਾ	Template:Nq	sohṇā	burn
ɲ	ਉਂਞ	Template:Nq	uñj	canyon
ŋ	ਕੰਙਣ	Template:Nq	kaṅgaṇ	bang
p	ਸੁਪਨਾ ਭਰਿਆ	Template:Nq Template:Nq	supnā bhariyā	spot
pʰ	ਫੁੱਲ	Template:Nq	phull	pot
ɾ	ਵਾਰੀ	Template:Nq	wārī	American atom^[3]
ɽ	ਕੂੜ	Template:Nq	kūṛ	garter (Rhotic dialects)
ɽʱ	ਉਲੇੜ੍ਹ	Template:Nq	uleṛh	no English equivalent
s	ਸਾਡਾ	Template:Nq	sāḍā	sun
t	ਤਿੱਲੜ	Template:Nq	tillaṛ	stub^[1]
tʰ	ਓਥੇ	Template:Nq	othē	tub^[1]
tʃ	ਚੜ੍ਹਦਾ ਝੂਠ	Template:Nq Template:Nq	caṛhdā jhūṭh	catch
tʃʰ	ਛੱਡ	Template:Nq	chaḍḍ	choose
ʈ	ਸੱਟ ਢੀਠ	Template:Nq Template:Nq	saṭṭa ḍhīṭh	carts^[1]
ʈʰ	ਕਾਠ	Template:Nq	kāṭh	trip^[1]
ʋ	ਵਹੁਟੀ	Template:Nq	vahuṭī	vat^[4]
Marginal consonants
f^[5]	ਫ਼ੇਰ	Template:Nq	fer	fuss
ɣ^[6]	ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼	Template:Nq	kāġaz	similar to a French r
q^[6]^[7]	ਕ਼ਲਮ	Template:Nq	qalam	somewhat like caught
r^[3]	ਮੁਕ਼ੱਰਰ	Template:Nq	muqarrar	Trilled R
ʃ	ਹੋਸ਼	Template:Nq	hoś	shoe
x^[5]	ਖ਼ਾਲਿਸ	Template:Nq	k͟hālis	Scottish Loch
z^[6]	ਹਜ਼ਾਰ	Template:Nq	hazār	zoo

Vowels
IPA	Examples			English Approximation
IPA	Gurmukhi	Shahmukhi	ISO 15919	English Approximation
ə	ਕਮ	Template:Nq	kam	about
aː	ਨਾਲ਼	Template:Script/Nastaliq	nāḷ	father
e	ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ	Template:Script/Nastaliq	vāhiguru	say (shortened ē)
eː	ਜੇਬ	Template:Nq	jēb	say
ɛ	ਰਹਿਣਾ	Template:Nq	rahiṇā	pen^[8]
ɛː	ਪੈਂਦਾ	Template:Nq	painda	fairy
ɪ	ਇਮਲੀ	Template:Nq	imalī	sit^[9]
iː	ਈਖ	Template:Nq	īkh	seat^[9]
i	ਬੱਤੀ	Template:Nq	battī	happy^[9]
oː	ਬੋਲੋ	Template:Nq	bōlō	border (Received Pronunciation) go (General American)
ɔː	ਕੌਣ	Template:Nq	kaun	dog (Received Pronunciation) horse (General American)
ʊ	ਤੁਕ	Template:Nq	tuk	book
uː	ਸੂਤ	Template:Nq	sūt	moon^[9]
◌̃	ਹੰਸ	Template:Nq	ham̐s	nasal vowel faun ([ãː, õː], etc.)
◌̃	ਮੈਂ	Template:Nq	maiṁ	nasal vowel faun ([ãː, õː], etc.)

Suprasegmentals
IPA	Example	Notes
ˈ◌	[pənˈdʒaːb]	stress (placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː	[ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ]	doubled consonant (placed after doubled consonant)
á, é, ...	ਕੋੜ੍ਹਾ Template:Nastaliq kohṛā 'leper'	high, or high-falling tone
à, è, ...	ਘੋੜਾ Template:Nastaliq ghoṛā 'horse'	low, or low-rising tone

Notes

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 ^1,5 Punjabi contrast dental Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink with apical postalveolar Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Considered an allophone of l and n in the Shahmukhi alphabet, though pronounced.
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill.
↑ [w] occurs as an allophone of [ʋ] when /व Template:Nastaliq/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while [ʋ], which may phonetically be Template:IPAblink, occurs otherwise.
↑ ^5,0 ^5,1 f and x are not considered native sounds and are present only in loanwords, or they can be considered as tonal sounds of pʰ for Indian dialects. In Pakistani dialects and the Shahmukhi alphabet, it is not considered a tonal sound, and some words are natively derived such as Template:Nq 'fer' (ਫੇਰ 'pher' ~ ਫਿਰ 'phir'). x may, however, be considered a tonal sound for kʰ in Pakistani dialects and are pronounced but not written as such.
↑ ^6,0 ^6,1 ^6,2 Not considered a native sound (nor a native letter in Gurmukhi, hence written as a modified consonant with a Nuqta placed below the corresponding letter, unlike Shahmukhi, for which the original letter from Persian, which was derived from the Arabic script). The phonology is, however, retained in Pakistani dialects except for q for which only the spelling is retained, but it is pronounced interchangeably with k.
↑ Bhardwaj, Mangat (25 August 2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar (per English). Routledge. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-317-64326-5. Almost all Panjabi speakers (and many Urdu speakers as well) pronounce the first two of these words with k instead of q.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ [ɛ] occurs as an allophone of /ə/ near an /ɦ/ that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an [ɛ] preceding an /ɦ/.
↑ ^9,0 ^9,1 ^9,2 ^9,3 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralised to [i, u] at the end of a word.

[coronal-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 ^1,5 Punjabi contrast dental Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink with apical postalveolar Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers.

[:0-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Considered an allophone of l and n in the Shahmukhi alphabet, though pronounced.

[rhotic-3] 3,0 ^3,1 /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill.

[V-4] [w] occurs as an allophone of [ʋ] when /व Template:Nastaliq/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while [ʋ], which may phonetically be Template:IPAblink, occurs otherwise.

[:1-5] 5,0 ^5,1 f and x are not considered native sounds and are present only in loanwords, or they can be considered as tonal sounds of pʰ for Indian dialects. In Pakistani dialects and the Shahmukhi alphabet, it is not considered a tonal sound, and some words are natively derived such as Template:Nq 'fer' (ਫੇਰ 'pher' ~ ਫਿਰ 'phir'). x may, however, be considered a tonal sound for kʰ in Pakistani dialects and are pronounced but not written as such.

[:2-6] 6,0 ^6,1 ^6,2 Not considered a native sound (nor a native letter in Gurmukhi, hence written as a modified consonant with a Nuqta placed below the corresponding letter, unlike Shahmukhi, for which the original letter from Persian, which was derived from the Arabic script). The phonology is, however, retained in Pakistani dialects except for q for which only the spelling is retained, but it is pronounced interchangeably with k.

[Bhardwaj2016-7] Bhardwaj, Mangat (25 August 2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar (per English). Routledge. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-317-64326-5. Almost all Panjabi speakers (and many Urdu speakers as well) pronounce the first two of these words with k instead of q.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[8] [ɛ] occurs as an allophone of /ə/ near an /ɦ/ that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an [ɛ] preceding an /ɦ/.

[Vowels-9] 9,0 ^9,1 ^9,2 ^9,3 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralised to [i, u] at the end of a word.

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