Aiuto:AFI/Astur-Leonesc

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Astur-Leonesc on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Astur-Leonesc in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

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Scurtedes

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Leonese, Asturian, Extremaduran and Mirandese pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-ast}}, {{IPA-le}}, {{IPA-mwl}}, {{IPA-ext}}, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Consonants
IPA			Examples	English approximation
AL	E	Template:Country data Miranda do Douro M	Examples	English approximation
b		b	bota, vida / bida	best
ɸ	ː	b	abdicar	Japanese Fumiko (AL), best (M)
β	β	β	la vida / la bida, cabra	between baby and bevy
β	ɸː	β	las vidas / las bidas	between baby and bevy (AL, M), Japanese Fumiko (E)
d			de, onda	date
ð	ð	ð	sedo, padre	other
ð	θː	ð	desde	other (AL, M), thing (E)
f	ɸ	f	fueu	face (AL, M), Japanese Fumiko (E)
	h		fierro / hierro / fiêrro	face (AL, M), hope (E)
	h		nafta	face (AL, M), hope (E)
ɡ		ɡ	gata, anguila	got
x	ŋ	ɡ	digno, acné	Scottish loch (AL), sing (E), got (M)
ɣ	ɣ	ɣ	agora, águila	between ago and ahold
ɣ	xː	ɣ	(d)esgracia / desgraça	between ago and ahold (AL, M), Scottish loch (E)
ʝ	h	ʎ	muyer / mujer / mulhier	beyond (AL), hope (E), million (M)
ʝ	ʝ	j	oye / oyi	beyond
ɟʝ	dʒ	ʒ	cónyuxe / cónyuji / cónjuge	endure (AL), injure, Polish dźwięk (E), genre, Polish źrebię (M)
k			cun, que, cual / qual	scan
l	l	l	salir	lip
l	ɾ	l	alto	lip (AL, M), US ladder (E)
		l̩	l^[1]	bottle
ʎ			llingua / lhéngua	million
m			mes, amar	mother
n			naide, sana	need
ŋ			pinga, en, álbum / álbun^[2]	sing
ɲ			añus / anhos	canyon
p			pero	spouse
r	r	r	rato, carro	rolled r
ɾ	r	ɾ	mar	US atom (AL, M), rolled r (E)
ɾ	ɾ	ɾ	trato, caro	US atom
s	s	s̺	sol, pasu / passo	between sip and ship (retracted), Polish szyć^[3]^[4]
	h	s̺	estar / estal / star	between sip and ship (retracted), Polish szyć (AL, M),^[3]^[4] hope (E)
	ð	z̺	casa / cada	between sip and ship (retracted), Polish szyć (AL),^[3]^[4] other (M), between zone and genre (retracted), Polish żyć (E)^[3]^[4]
z	ɦ	z̺	esmeráu / smerado	between zone and genre (retracted), Polish żyć (AL, M),^[3]^[4] hope (E)
t			tolos, ocho / oito	stand
tʃ			chano, ocho / oito	catch, Polish ćma
v	ɦ	v	afgano	of (AL, M), hope (E)
θ	ː	d	admira, ritmo	thing (AL), date (M)
	θ	s̻	cielos	thing (AL, E), sip, Polish syty (M)
	h	s̻	paz / paç	thing (AL), hope (E), sip, Polish syty (M)
	ð	z̻	decir / idel / dezir	thing (AL), other (E), zone, Polish zamek (M)
ð	ɦ	z̻	paz / paç de la tierra	smooth (AL), hope (E), zone, Polish zamek (M)
ʃ	s	ʃ	xorda / sorda	ship, Polish śnieg (AL, M),^[4] between sip and ship (retracted), Polish szyć (E)^[3]^[4]
	h	ʃ	caxa / caja	ship, Polish śnieg (AL, M),^[4] hope (E)
	h	ʒ	axunto / ajunto, orixe / ourige	ship, Polish śnieg (AL),^[4] hope (E), genre, Polish źrebię (M)^[4]
ʒ	ɦ	ʒ	Template:Example needed	genre, Polish źrebię (AL, M),^[4] ahold (E)

Dialectal consonants of Asturian and Leonese^{[adrova stlarimënt]}
IPA	Examples	English approximation
AL	Examples	English approximation
h	ḥierro	ham
ɖ	ḷḷingua, patsuezu (in some local orthographies)^[5]	guard
ɖʐ		somewhat like budge but retroflex, Polish dżem
ʈʂ		somewhat like catch but retroflex, Polish czekać
ts	otso (ocho / oito)	between cats and catch (retracted), Polish czekać
c	muyyer^[6]	cute
cç		cute
ɟʝ		endure

Vowels
IPA			Examples	English approximation
AL	E	Template:Country data Miranda do Douro M	Examples	English approximation
a		a	cacho, pá	father
a		ɐ	cachico^[7]	tub
e		e	senu / seno, pie / piê	pay
		ɛ	bezu / beç, sé	bet
		ɨ	cebada	roses
ɪ		ɨ	Template:Example needed^[7]	kit (AL, E), roses (M)
i			chícharo	see
o		o	puerta / puôrta	cold
		ɔ	home, abó	thought
		ʊ	costiella / costiêlha	influence
ʊ		ʊ	Template:Example needed^[7]	influence
u			pruma	food
Dialectal vowels
ɛ			Template:Example needed	bet
ɔ			Template:Example needed	dog

Semivowels^[8]
IPA			Examples	English approximation
AL	E	Template:Country data Miranda do Douro M	Examples	English approximation
j			fierro / fiêrro	you / boy
w			puerta / puôrta	wine / cow

Suprasegmentals
IPA			Examples	English approximation
AL	E	Template:Country data Miranda do Douro M	Examples	English approximation
ˈ			Template:Example needed	primary stress, as in explanation
ˌ			Template:Example needed	secondary stress, as in explanation
.			Template:Example needed	syllable break, as in reuse
ː			esti [ˈehtːɪ]	consonant gemination
Diacritics
		◌̃	antes, cun^[9]	nasal vowel^[9]

Notes mudé

↑ In Mirandese, the article l (the) is pronounced [l̩] (phonemically /ɨl/).
↑ In Extremaduran, /n/ is the only final consonant that is always pronounced.
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 ^3,3 ^3,4 ^3,5 The Mirandese contrast between the apical [s̺, z̺] and the laminal [s̻, z̻] is neutralized in favor of the former in Asturian, Leonese and Extremaduran, where the apical diacritic is not used for the sake of simplicity. The laminal [s̻, z̻] are the ordinary alveolar sibilants found in French, German, Mandarin Chinese and the Slavic languages.
↑ ^4,00 ^4,01 ^4,02 ^4,03 ^4,04 ^4,05 ^4,06 ^4,07 ^4,08 ^4,09 ^4,10 The contrast between the apical /s̺, z̺/, the laminal /s̻, z̻/ and the palato-alveolar /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ/ found in Mirandese is similar to the contrast between /ʂ, ʐ/, /s, z/ and /ɕ, ʑ, tɕ/ in Polish.
↑ Varies from a voiced retroflex affricate to a voiceless retroflex affricate and, in southwestern Asturian dialects, a voiced retroflex plosive.
↑ "Tinéu. Mapa del conceyu | El Teixu" (per spagnolo). Trat ite ai 2019-11-24.
↑ ^7,0 ^7,1 ^7,2 Many dialects allow only /a/, /i/ and /u/ in final unstressed syllables.
↑ The semivowels Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs.
↑ ^9,0 ^9,1 Mirandese has the following nasal vowels: /ɐ̃/, /ɛ̃/, /ĩ/, /ɨ̃/, /õ/ and /ũ/.

References mudé

Leonese

Asociación Cultural Faceira (2012). Xurdir. Guía gramatical de leonés (per Spanish). Asociación Cultural Faceira.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
"Curso basico de Llionés" (per Spanish).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Asturian

García Arias, Xosé Lluis (2003). Gramática histórica de la lengua asturiana (per Spanish). Academia de la Llingua Asturiana.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
"Gramática de la Llingua Asturiana" (PDF) (per Asturian).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Extremaduran

"La fonética de las hablas extremeñas" (PDF) (per Spanish).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

"El habla en Extremadura" (PDF) (per Spanish).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Mirandese

"Convenção Ortográfica da Língua Mirandesa" (PDF) (per Portuguese). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Miranda do Douro / Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[1] In Mirandese, the article l (the) is pronounced [l̩] (phonemically /ɨl/).

[2] In Extremaduran, /n/ is the only final consonant that is always pronounced.

[retractedsibilants-3] 3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 ^3,3 ^3,4 ^3,5 The Mirandese contrast between the apical [s̺, z̺] and the laminal [s̻, z̻] is neutralized in favor of the former in Asturian, Leonese and Extremaduran, where the apical diacritic is not used for the sake of simplicity. The laminal [s̻, z̻] are the ordinary alveolar sibilants found in French, German, Mandarin Chinese and the Slavic languages.

[mirandesepolish-4] 4,00 ^4,01 ^4,02 ^4,03 ^4,04 ^4,05 ^4,06 ^4,07 ^4,08 ^4,09 ^4,10 The contrast between the apical /s̺, z̺/, the laminal /s̻, z̻/ and the palato-alveolar /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ/ found in Mirandese is similar to the contrast between /ʂ, ʐ/, /s, z/ and /ɕ, ʑ, tɕ/ in Polish.

[5] Varies from a voiced retroflex affricate to a voiceless retroflex affricate and, in southwestern Asturian dialects, a voiced retroflex plosive.

[6] "Tinéu. Mapa del conceyu | El Teixu" (per spagnolo). Trat ite ai 2019-11-24.

[finalunstressed-7] 7,0 ^7,1 ^7,2 Many dialects allow only /a/, /i/ and /u/ in final unstressed syllables.

[Semivowel-8] The semivowels Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs.

[nasal_vowels-9] 9,0 ^9,1 Mirandese has the following nasal vowels: /ɐ̃/, /ɛ̃/, /ĩ/, /ɨ̃/, /õ/ and /ũ/.

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