Template:Citation/doc

The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used. As with other citation templates, this template can be used either in a footnote (between <ref>...</ref> tags) or in a section that lists sources. This template uses the same Lua code as citation style 1 (CS1) templates with parameters to change the displayed format to citation style 2 (CS2).

If the correct parameters are used, this template produces output identical to that of the Cite templates, such as {{Cite book}} and {{Cite web}}, with one important exception: By default, this Citation template uses commas in places where the Cite templates use periods (full stops) by default; either type of template can use periods (full stops) or commas by using an optional parameter.

Regardless of which citation templates are used or even if none are used at all, all citations should have the same format throughout an article in the saved, rendered text.

Notes:

• All parameter names must be lowercase.
• Invisible unicode space characters (see list) will return an error message. Non-intentional invisible characters should be removed; intentional ones should be replaced with their corresponding HTML entity (e.g. ​).

Simple citations

This section covers the most commonly used parameters. You can copy the horizontal form or vertical form below and then add in extra parameters from the full list. Spacing and ordering of the parameters within the template is irrelevant and does not affect the final, rendered text.

{{Citation |last= |first= |year= |title= |publisher= |publication-place= |page= |url= |access-date=}}

{{Citation | last = | first = | year = | title = | publisher = | publication-place = | page = | url = | access-date = }}

• last: The author's surname or last name. Don't use with the author parameter.
• first: The author's first or given name(s).
• year: Year of authorship or publication. Mandatory for use with links from Template:Harvard citation, unless |date= specifies both month and year.
• title: Title of the work. Mandatory for web references.
• publisher: The name of the publisher. Omit terms such as Publishers, Co., Inc., Ltd., etc., but retain the words Books or Press. Not normally included where the publication is a periodical which has its own Wikipedia article (e.g. Newsweek, Billboard).
  • publication-place (or place or location): The city of publication. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. Omit when the publication is a periodical whose name specifies the location (e.g. The New York Times, The Times of India)
• page: For use when one page is cited. Adds "p." before the page number. Do not use with pages.
• url: A url of an online location where the item can be found. If the url includes double quotes, these must be encoded as "%22".
  • access-date: Date when the url was accessed.

Example

{{Citation | last = Turner | first = Orsamus | title = History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve | publisher = William Alling | place = Rochester, New York | year = 1851 | ol = 7120924W }}

Turner, Orsamus (1851), History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve, Rochester, New York: William Alling, OL 7120924W

Full citation parameters

These can be used for all types of publication. All are optional and indentation is used simply to group related items — these may be mutually exclusive where indicated. Some hyphenated names can also be placed without hyphens.

{{Citation | author = | last = | first = | author2 = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link = | author2-link = | author-separator = | author-name-separator = | author-mask = | editor = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor2 = | editor2-last = | editor2-first = | editor-link = | editor2-link = | translator-last = | translator-first = | translator-link = | translator2-last = | translator2-first = | translator2-link = | others = | publication-date = | date = | year = | orig-date = | title = | chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-format = | contribution = | contribution-url = | type = | journal = | periodical = | newspaper = | magazine = | encyclopedia = | work = | edition = | series = | volume = | issue = | publisher = | publication-place = | place = | language = | page = | pages = | no-pp = | at = | id = | isbn = | issn = | oclc = | pmid = | pmc = | bibcode = | doi = | doi-inactive-date= | zbl = | url = | access-date = | format = | archive-url = | archive-date = | url-status = | quote = | separator = | postscript = | ref = }}

Parameters

Syntax

Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:

• parent
• OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
  • child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
  • OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)

Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.

COinS

This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. See Wikipedia:COinS. As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:

• use |date=27 September 2007 not |date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)

Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example  , –, or  , should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.

COinS metadata is created for these parameters

Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the Usage section near the top of this documentation page.

• |periodical=, |journal=, |newspaper=, |magazine=, |work=, |website=, |encyclopedia=, |encyclopaedia=, |dictionary=
• |chapter=, |script-chapter=, |contribution=, |script-contribution=, |entry=, |script-entry=, |article=, |script-article=, |section=, |script-section=
• |title=, |script-title=, |book-title=
• |publication-place=, |place=, |location=
• |date=, |year=, |publication-date=
• |series=, |version=
• |volume=, |issue=, |number=
• |page=, |pages=, |at=, |quote-page=, |quote-pages=
• |edition=
• |publisher=, |institution=
• |url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |section-url=
• |author-last=, |author-last#=, |author#-last=, |author-surname=, |author-surname#=, |author#-surname=, |last=, |last#=, |surname=, |surname#=, |author=, |author#=, |subject=, |subject#=, |host=, |host#=
• |author-first=, |author-first#=, |author#-first=, |author-given=, |author-given#=, |author#-given=, |first=, |first#=, |given=, |given#=
• |degree=
• |arxiv=, |bibcode=, |biorxiv=, |citeseerx=, |doi=, |eissn=, |eprint=, |hdl=, |isbn=, |issn=, |jfm=, |jstor=, |lccn=, |message-id=, |mr=, |oclc=, |osti=, |pmc=, |pmid=, |rfc=, |ssrn=, |s2cid=, |zbl=

Description

Authors

• last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g. |author=Bono). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1.
  • author: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of |first= and |last=. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author.
  • first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and Template:Notatypo suffixes only in accordance with and use honorifics only in accordance with .
  • OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around). See the display parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use |first1=...|last1=...|author2=....
  • author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink.
  • OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn-link.
  • name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp, ampersand, or &, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last/first forms of name parameters.
• vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:

  |vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal

  • author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in |vauthors= as described above
• Template:Xtd: deprecated Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last.
• contributor-last: (book cites only) surname of the author of contribution (which is required). Aliases: contributor-surname, contributor1, contributor1-last, contributor-last1.
  • contributor-first: Given or first names of contributor. Do not wikilink—use contributor-link instead. Aliases: contributor-given, contributor1-first, contributor-first1.
  • OR: for multiple contributors, use contributor-last1, contributor-first1 through contributor-lastn, contributor-firstn where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of contributors (each contributor-firstn requires a corresponding contributor-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: contributor1-last, contributor1-first through contributorn-last, contributorn-first, or contributor1 through contributorn.
  • contributor-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the contributor—not the contributor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: contributor-link1, contributor1-link.
  • OR: for multiple contributors, use contributor-link1 through contributor-linkn. Aliases: contributor1-link through contributorn-link.
• translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1.
  • translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1.
  • OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn.
  • translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link.
  • OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link.
• collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
• others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith.
• Note: When using Template:Sfnote or Template:Paren styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.

Title

• title: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in italics. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title.
  • script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:

    ... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...

  • trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title. Use of the language parameter is recommended.

Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.

newline	[	]	|
space	[	]	{{!}} (preferred)
	{{bracket|text}}		| or {{pipe}} – see also Help:Table § Rendering the pipe

• title-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.

• language: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: |language=ru; |lang=fr, pt-br; |lang=Russian; |language=French, Portuguese. See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of Template:Cl. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form: espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang

Date

"Wikipedia:Undated" porta tlo. Per undated signatures, cëla Template:Undated.

• date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.Template:R/ref Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. For acceptable date formats, see Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates.

Shortened footnotes target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate {{sfn}} links to multiple works by the same author in the same year,^[more] unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case, year or ref is required to disambiguate the link targets.

For approximate year, precede with "c. ", like this: |date=c. 1900.

For no date, or "undated", use |date=n.d.

The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a created or updated date; a comment for editors such as date=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01 can be added.

• year: Year of publication. The more flexible |date= parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the |date= parameter, unless both of the following conditions are met:
  1. Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a CITEREF disambiguator, usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.)
  2. The |date= format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.)
• orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: |orig-date=First published 1859 or |orig-date=Composed 1904. As |orig-date= does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by |df= (or, if it exists in the article, by |cs1-dates= of a {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} template), or as used in the |date= parameter. Alias: orig-year
• df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:

  dmy – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;

  mdy – as above for month day, year format

  ymd – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD

  dmy-all – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;

  mdy-all – as above for month day, year format

  ymd-all – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD

Edition, series, volume

• edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so |edition=2nd produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.

Examples

Books

Three authors, a volume, and an edition. Ampersand (&) forced before final author's name.

{{Citation | last1 = Lincoln | first1 = A. | last2 = Washington | first2 = G. | last3 = Adams | first3 = J. | name-list-style = amp | title = All the Presidents' Names | publisher = The Pentagon | place = Home Base, New York | volume = XII | edition = 2nd | year = 2007 }}

Lincoln, A.; Washington, G. & Adams, J. (2007), All the Presidents' Names, vol. XII (2nd ed.), Home Base, New York: The Pentagon

Web

Web page	{{Citation | url = http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/ | title = NPS Focus | work = National Register of Historic Places | publisher = [[National Park Service]] | access-date = November 30, 2010 | ref = none }}	"NPS Focus", National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, trat ite ai November 30, 2010
Archived page	{{Citation | url = http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html | title = Earth's Atmosphere | access-date = October 25, 2007 | publisher = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] | year = 1995 | author = NASA | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013232332/http:// liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html | archive-date = October 13, 2007 }}	NASA (1995), Earth's Atmosphere, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, archivià da l uriginel ai October 13, 2007, trat ite ai October 25, 2007

Journals, newspapers, magazines, or other periodicals

Journal article	{{Citation | last = Hill | first = Marvin S. | title = Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties | journal = BYU Studies | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | year = 1976 | pages = 1–8 | url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf }}	Hill, Marvin S. (1976), "Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties" (PDF), BYU Studies, 12 (2): 1–8
Journal article with multiple authors and identifier	{{Citation | last1 = Mandelkern | first1 = M | last2 = Elias | first2 = J | last3 = Eden | first3 = D | last4 = Crothers | first4 = D | display-authors = 2 | title = The dimensions of DNA in solution | journal = J Mol Biol | volume = 152 | issue = 1 | pages = 153–161 | year = 1981 | pmid = 7338906 | doi = 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1 }}	Mandelkern, M; Elias, J; et al. (1981), "The dimensions of DNA in solution", J Mol Biol, 152 (1): 153–161, doi:10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1, PMID 7338906
Newspaper article	{{Citation | last = Smith | first = Joseph III | author-link = Joseph Smith III | title = Last Testimony of Sister Emma | newspaper = The Saints' Herald | location = Plano, IL | volume = 26 | issue = 19 | date = October 1, 1879 | page = 289 | url = http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/ IL/sain1872.htm#100179 }}	Smith, Joseph III (October 1, 1879), "Last Testimony of Sister Emma", The Saints' Herald, Plano, IL, vol. 26, no. 19, p. 289

Conference papers and public lectures

Conference paper	{{Citation | last = Sullivan | first = D.B. | contribution = Time and frequency measurement at NIST: The first 100 years | year = 2001 | title = 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp. | publisher = National Institute of Standards and Technology | contribution-url = http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf }}	Sullivan, D.B. (2001), "Time and frequency measurement at NIST: The first 100 years" (PDF), 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp., National Institute of Standards and Technology
Lecture	{{Citation | last = Habicht | first = Christian | contribution = Hellenistic Athens and her Philosophers | year = 1988 | title = David Magie Lecture, Princeton University Program in the History, Archaeology, and Religions of the Ancient World | publisher = Princeton University | page=14 }}	Habicht, Christian (1988), "Hellenistic Athens and her Philosophers", David Magie Lecture, Princeton University Program in the History, Archaeology, and Religions of the Ancient World, Princeton University, p. 14

Parts of books, including encyclopedia articles

Manuscript published in an edited compilation	{{Citation | last = Bidamon | first = Emma Smith | author-link = Emma Hale Smith | chapter = Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim | date = March 27, 1876 | editor-last = Vogel | editor-first = Dan | title = Early Mormon Documents | volume = 1 | publisher = Signature Books | publication-date = 1996 | isbn = 1-56085-072-8 }}	Bidamon, Emma Smith (March 27, 1876), "Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim", in Vogel, Dan (ed.), Early Mormon Documents, vol. 1, Signature Books (published 1996), ISBN 1-56085-072-8
Work with an editor but no author	{{Citation | editor-last = Vogel | editor-first = Dan | title = Early Mormon Documents | volume = 1 | publisher = Signature Books | date = 1996 | isbn = 1-56085-072-8 }}	Vogel, Dan, ed. (1996), Early Mormon Documents, vol. 1, Signature Books, ISBN 1-56085-072-8
Encyclopedia article by a named author	{{Citation | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | year=1999 | title = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | location = London | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm }}	Kramer, Martin (1999), "Bernard Lewis", in Boyd, Kelley (ed.), Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol. 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720
Encyclopedia article with no named author	{{Citation | title = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | year = 1999 | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | location = London | url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm }}	Boyd, Kelley, ed. (1999), "Bernard Lewis", Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol. 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720

Republications, or edited quotations in a periodical article

Manuscript edited and published in a journal	{{Citation | last = Knight | first = Joseph, Sr. | year = 1833 | editor-last = Jessee | editor-first = Dean | title = Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History | journal = BYU Studies | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | publication-date = 1976 | page = 35 | url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf }}	Knight, Joseph, Sr. (1833), Jessee, Dean (ed.), "Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History" (PDF), BYU Studies (published 1976), 17 (1): 35
Manuscript written at one date and place, then published in a periodical at a different date and place with commentary by the editor.	{{Citation | last = Klingensmith | first = Philip | type = Affidavit | date = September 5, 1872 | place = Lincoln County, Nevada | title = Mountain Meadows Massacre | editor-last = Toohy | editor-first = Dennis J. | journal = Corinne Daily Reporter | publication-date = September 24, 1872 | publication-place = Corinne, Utah | volume = 5 | issue = 252 | page = 1 | url = http://udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359 }}	Klingensmith, Philip (September 5, 1872), written at Lincoln County, Nevada, Toohy, Dennis J. (ed.), "Mountain Meadows Massacre", Corinne Daily Reporter (Affidavit), Corinne, Utah (published September 24, 1872), 5 (252): 1

Press release

Press release with quotation

{{Citation | url = https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/05ipad.html | title = Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day | publisher = Apple Inc | access-date = April 10, 2010 | quote = in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3 | ref = none}}

Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day, Apple Inc, trat ite ai April 10, 2010, in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3

Anchored citations

This template can generate a citation that can be combined with shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing. It does this by creating an HTML anchor containing an ID. The special parameter |ref= generates an anchor ID suitable for Harvard referencing templates such as {{harv}} as specified in the next section; an anchor ID is generated by default.

To disable anchor generation, specify |ref=none. You can also specify the ID directly, using the |ref=ID parameter. For example, suppose an article's References section contains the markup:

• {{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=Civilization and Its Discontents |date=1930 |ref=CivDis}}

which generates the citation:

• Sigmund Freud (1930), Civilization and Its Discontents

Then, the markup "([[#CivDis|Freud 1930]])" generates a parenthetical reference "(Freud 1930)" containing a wikilink to the citation (try clicking on the wikilink).

Anchors for Harvard referencing templates

IDs compatible with Harvard referencing templates such as {{harv}} are computed from the last names of the authors (or editors, if no authors are given) and the year of the cited source. For example, the markup "{{harv|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}" generates the Harvard reference "(Wright & Evans 1851, p. ix)", which wikilinks to the citation whose markup and appearance are shown below:

• {{Citation |last1=Wright |first1=Thomas |last2=Evans |first2=R. H. |title=Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray |location=London |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |date=1851 |oclc=59510372}}
• Wright, Thomas; Evans, R. H. (1851), Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray, London: Henry G. Bohn, OCLC 59510372

In this example the {{citation}} template defines, and the {{harv}} template uses, the HTML ID "CITEREFWrightEvans1851", composed by concatenating the string "CITEREF" with the last names of the authors and the year. The {{harvid}} template can be used to generate such IDs, for example, {{harvid|Wright|Evans|1851}} generates "Template:Harvid".

Related methods which leave only a number in the text are to use the {{harvnb}} template enclosed in the <ref></ref> html code, or to use the {{sfn}} template alone. The example above would be <ref>{{harvnb|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}</ref> or {{sfn|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}} both of which generate a footnote, such as

17. Wright & Evans 1851, p. ix

The names of only the first four authors are used; other author names are not concatenated to the ID. If no author names are given, editor names are used instead.

Last names are used, as specified by the parameters |last1= (or |last=), |last2=, |last3=, and |last4=, and similarly for |editor1-last= etc. and for |inventor1-last= etc. If a full name is given but no last name is specified, this template falls back on the full name, but this usage is not recommended. For example, in "{{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=The Ego and the Id |date=1923}}" no last name is given, so this citation cannot be combined with the Harvard reference "{{harv|Freud|1923}}". To make these {{citation}} and {{harv}} invocations compatible, either replace "|author=Sigmund Freud" with "|first=Sigmund |last=Freud", or add "|ref={{harvid|Freud|1923}}" to the {{citation}} invocation, or add the same ref parameter (say, "|ref=EgoId") to both the {{citation}} and the {{harv}} invocations.

Similarly, the year is used, as specified by |year=. If no year is given, this template attempts to derive the year from |date= (or, if no date is given, from |publication-date=) by applying the MediaWiki § Time function. This heuristic works with most common date formats (American, International and ISO 8601 standard format YYYY-MM-DD as listed in WP:MOS), but may not work as expected with other formats, so when in doubt it may be safer to use |year=.

IDs must be unique

Names, years, and hand-specified IDs must be chosen so that the IDs are unique within a page; otherwise the HTML will not conform to the W3C standards, and any references to the citations will not work reliably. For example, suppose a page contains the following two citations with {{harv}}-compatible IDs:

• Montes, G.; Halterman, J. S. (2008a), "Association of Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders and Loss of Family Income", Pediatrics, 121 (4): e821–e826, doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1594, PMID 18381511
• Montes, G.; Halterman, J. S. (2008b), "Child Care Problems and Employment Among Families with Preschool-aged Children with Autism in the United States", Pediatrics, 122 (1): e202–e208, doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3037, PMID 18595965

If these citations were altered to say "2008" rather than "2008a" and "2008b", the resulting page would not work, because the two different citations would both attempt to use the ID "CITEREFMontesHalterman2008". To avoid this problem, distinguish the citations by appending suffixes to the years, e.g. "|date=2008a" and "|date=2008b", as was done above. Any Harvard references to these citations should use years with the same suffixes.

It is good practice to verify that a page does not contain duplicate IDs by using the W3C Markup Validation Service; see External links.

Tools

See Wikipedia:Citing sources § Citation templates and tools for a list of tools that can help create a reference in the "citation" format.

TemplateData

This is the TemplateData for this template used by TemplateWizard, VisualEditor and other tools. click here to see a monthly parameter usage report for this template based on this TemplateData.

TemplateData for Citation

The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.

Parametri template

Questo template ha una formattazione personalizzata.

Parametro		Descrizione	Tipo	Stato
Last name	last author author1 last1	The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors	Linea	consigliato
First name	first first1	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors	Linea	consigliato
Title of source	title	Title of source. Works display in italics and articles surrounded in quotation marks.	Stringa	obbligatorio
Date of source	date	Full date of source being referenced in the same format as other publication dates in the citations.[1] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after publisher.	Stringa	facoltativo
URL of source	url	URL of an online location where the text of the publication can be found.	Stringa	facoltativo
Work	work journal website newspaper magazine encyclopedia encyclopaedia dictionary periodical	Name of the work in which the cited title is found	Stringa	facoltativo
Volume	volume	For one publication published in several volumes	Linea	consigliato
Issue	issue number	Issue number	Stringa	facoltativo
Page	page	Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'	Linea	facoltativo
Pages	pages	Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source; displays after 'pp.'	Linea	consigliato
Publication date	publication-date	Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if year or date are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis.	Stringa	facoltativo
Date format	df	Sets rendered dates to the specified format	Stringa	facoltativo
Year of publication	year	Year of the source being referenced; recommended only when date parameter format is YYYY-MM-DD and a CITEREF disambiguator is needed	Numero	facoltativo
Postscript	postscript	Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (.); for no terminating punctuation, specify |postscript=none – leaving |postscript= empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Ignored if quote is defined.	Stringa	facoltativo
Editor last name	editor-last editor editor-surname editor-last1 editor-surname1 editor1 editor1-last editor1-surname	The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors	Sconosciuto	facoltativo
Editor first name	editor-first editor-first1 editor-given1 editor1-first editor1-given	The given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors	Sconosciuto	facoltativo
Author mask	author-mask	Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text. Set author-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set author-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". You must still include the values for all authors for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by {{reflist}}, <references /> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. You can also use editor-mask and translator-mask in the same way.	Stringa	facoltativo
Original date	orig-date	Original date of publication; provide specifics	Numero	facoltativo
Translated title	trans-title	An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended	Contenuto	facoltativo
Translated chapter title	trans-chapter	An English language chapter title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended	Contenuto	facoltativo
Type	type	Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case	Contenuto	facoltativo
Archive URL	archive-url	The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'	Linea	facoltativo
Series	series version	Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal; alias of 'version'	Contenuto	facoltativo
At	at	May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient	Linea	facoltativo
No pp	no-pp	Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')	Linea	facoltativo
Chapter	chapter	The chapter heading of the source	Stringa	facoltativo
contribution	contribution	nessuna descrizione	Stringa	facoltativo
chapter-url	chapter-url	nessuna descrizione	Stringa	facoltativo
contribution-url	contribution-url	nessuna descrizione	Stringa	facoltativo
chapter-format	chapter-format	nessuna descrizione	Stringa	facoltativo
Others	others	Free-text field for people involved in creating a work who cannot be added with another name parameter such as author or editor	Stringa	facoltativo
Edition	edition	When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed with ' ed.'	Linea	facoltativo
Location of publication	place location	Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked	Stringa	facoltativo
Place of publication	publication-place	Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'	Contenuto	facoltativo
Publisher	publisher	Name of the publisher; displays after title	Contenuto	facoltativo
Language	language	The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name; do not use icons or templates	Contenuto	facoltativo
Format	format	Format of the work referred to by 'url' ('url' is required when using 'format'); examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML	Contenuto	facoltativo
arXiv identifier	arxiv	An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers	Linea	facoltativo
ASIN	asin ASIN	Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters	Linea	facoltativo
ASIN TLD	asin-tld	ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US	Linea	facoltativo
Bibcode	bibcode	Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters	Linea	facoltativo
biorXiv	biorxiv	biorXiv identifier; 6 digits	Linea	facoltativo
CiteSeerX	citeseerx	CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter	Linea	facoltativo
DOI	doi DOI	Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'	Stringa	facoltativo
DOI broken date	doi-broken-date	The date that the DOI was determined to be broken	Data	facoltativo
ISBN	isbn	International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible	Linea	facoltativo
ISSN	issn	International Standard Serial Number (print); 8 characters; usually split into two groups of four using a hyphen	Linea	facoltativo
eISSN	eissn	International Standard Serial Number (online); 8 characters; usually split into two groups of four using a hyphen	Linea	facoltativo
jfm code	jfm	Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code	Linea	facoltativo
JSTOR	jstor	JSTOR identifier	Linea	facoltativo
LCCN	lccn	Library of Congress Control Number	Linea	facoltativo
MR	mr	Mathematical Reviews identifier	Linea	facoltativo
OCLC	oclc	Online Computer Library Center number	Numero	facoltativo
OL	ol	Open Library identifier	Linea	facoltativo
OSTI	osti	Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier	Linea	facoltativo
PMC	pmc	PubMed Center article number	Numero	facoltativo
PMID	pmid	PubMed Unique Identifier	Linea	facoltativo
RFC	rfc	Request for Comments number	Numero	facoltativo
SSRN	ssrn	Social Science Research Network	Linea	facoltativo
Zbl	zbl	Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier	Linea	facoltativo
id	id	A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable	Linea	facoltativo
Quote	quote	Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation	Contenuto	facoltativo
Ref	ref	An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates	Linea	facoltativo
URL access date	access-date	The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink	Data	facoltativo
Name list style	name-list-style	Sets the style for the list. Accepts 'amp', 'and', and 'vanc'. amp displays an ampersand after the penultimate name; and the same with 'and', and vanc displays in Vancouver format	Stringa	facoltativo
Display authors	display-authors	number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used; must be less than the number listed	Numero	facoltativo
Archive date	archive-date	Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink	Data	facoltativo
Last name 2	last2 author2 surname2	The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead.	Linea	facoltativo
First name 2	first2 given2	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
Last name 3	last3 author3 surname3	The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3' instead.	Linea	facoltativo
First name 3	first3 given3	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
Last name 4	last4 author4 surname4	The surname of the forth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4' instead.	Linea	facoltativo
First name 4	first4 given4	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the forth author; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
Last name 5	last5 author5 surname5	The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5' instead.	Linea	facoltativo
First name 5	first5 given5	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
Last name 6	last6 author6 surname6	The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6' instead.	Linea	facoltativo
First name 6	first6	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
Last name 7	last7 author7 surname7	The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7' instead.	Linea	facoltativo
First name 7	first7 given7	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
Last name 8	last8 author8 surname8	The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8' instead.	Linea	facoltativo
First name 8	first8 given8	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
Last name 9	last9 author9 surname9	The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9' instead. If nine authors are defined, then only eight will show and 'et al.' will show in place of the last author.	Linea	facoltativo
First name 9	first9 given9	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
Author link	author-link author1-link author-link1	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Author link 2	author-link2 author2-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Author link 3	author-link3 author3-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Author link 4	author-link4 author4-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the forth author.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Author link 5	author-link5 author5-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Author link 6	author-link6 author6-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Author link 7	author-link7 author7-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Author link 8	author-link8 author8-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Author link 9	author-link9 author9-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Editor last name 2	editor2-last editor2	The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'.	Linea	facoltativo
Editor first name 2	editor2-first editor2-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
Editor last name 3	editor3-last editor3	The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'.	Linea	facoltativo
Editor first name 3	editor3-first editor3-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
Editor last name 4	editor4-last editor4	The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'.	Linea	facoltativo
Editor first name 4	editor4-first editor4-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
Editor last name 5	editor5-last editor5	The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'.	Linea	facoltativo
Editor first name 5	editor5-first editor5-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
Editor last name 6	editor6-last editor6	The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'.	Linea	facoltativo
Editor first name 6	editor6-first editor6-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
Editor last name 7	editor7-last editor7	The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'.	Linea	facoltativo
Editor first name 7	editor7-first editor7-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
Editor last name 8	editor8-last editor8	The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'.	Linea	facoltativo
Editor first name 8	editor8-first editor8-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
Editor last name 9	editor9-last editor9	The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'.	Linea	facoltativo
Editor first name 9	editor9-first editor9-given	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink.	Linea	facoltativo
editor-link	editor-link	nessuna descrizione	Stringa	facoltativo
editor1-link	editor1-link	nessuna descrizione	Stringa	facoltativo
editor2-link	editor2-link	nessuna descrizione	Stringa	facoltativo
editor3-link	editor3-link	nessuna descrizione	Stringa	facoltativo
editor4-link	editor4-link	nessuna descrizione	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator last name	translator-last translator translator-last1 translator1 translator1-last	The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator first name	translator-first translator1-first translator-first1	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator link	translator-link translator-link1 translator1-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Translator last name 2	translator-last2 translator2 translator2-last	The surname of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator first name 2	translator-first2 translator2-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator last name 3	translator-last3 translator3 translator3-last	The surname of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator first name 3	translator-first3 translator3-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator last name 4	translator-last4 translator4 translator4-last	The surname of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator first name 4	translator-first4 translator4-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator last name 5	translator-last5 translator5 translator5-last	The surname of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator first name 5	translator-first5 translator5-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator last name 6	translator-last6 translator6 translator6-last	The surname of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator first name 6	translator-first6 translator6-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator last name 7	translator-last7 translator7 translator7-last	The surname of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator first name 7	translator-first7 translator7-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator last name 8	translator-last8 translator8 translator8-last	The surname of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator first name 8	translator-first8 translator8-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator last name 9	translator-last9 translator9 translator9-last	The surname of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator first name 9	translator-first9 translator9-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.	Stringa	facoltativo
Translator link 2	translator-link2 translator2-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second translator.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Translator link 3	translator-link3 translator3-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third translator.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Translator link 4	translator-link4 translator4-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth translator.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Translator link 5	translator-link5 translator5-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth translator.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Translator link 6	translator-link6 translator6-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth translator.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Translator link 7	translator-link7 translator7-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh translator.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Translator link 8	translator-link8 translator8-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth translator.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo
Translator link 9	translator-link9 translator9-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth translator.	Nome della pagina	facoltativo

See also

• Wikipedia:Citation templates
• Wikipedia:Inline citation
• Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing
• For a comparison of citations using templates with citations written freehand, see Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods § Footnotes